FOOTNOTES:

^a Or ‘champion’ or ‘protector’ or ‘ruler’ or ‘director’ or ‘patron.’ Traditionally, ‘helper’ which could be true in the sense of being a champion, protector, or patron, but it is certainly not intended as a subordinate role but rather as someone who uses their greater power, influence, authority, resources, or strength to support those who have less power, resources, influence, authority, or strength. It is notable that Paul includes himself in one with less than her in this sense.

^b This is the same woman referred to in Acts as Priscilla. They are different forms of the same name. It is worth noting that her name appears before Aquilla’s. By cultural convention, the person of higher importance, status, or rank was always listed first. Additionally, in married couples—which they are—the husband was always listed first. Prisca’s name appearing first indicates that she was the more prominent member of the sacred Family, overriding convention so that her name appears before her husband’s name.

^c Or ‘to’

^d This is referring to the Roman province of Asia—sometimes called ‘Asia Minor’—not the modern continent of Asia. The province of Asia was approximately located where present-day Türkiye is.

^e For much of history, Iounian was translated as ‘Junius’ instead of ‘Junia’ based on the assumption that it could not be referring to a woman here since this person is named as an apostle. However, no such name as Junius existed in the Roman world while Junia is known to have been used as a woman’s name, and the form of the word here is feminine, not masculine.

^f Or ‘compatriots’ or ‘relatives.’ The word means someone with a shared lineage or heritage, someone from the same people group.

^g How to translate this preposition, en, is the subject of debate. After scholarship broadly accepted that Iounian was a woman’s name and should be translated as Junia (see footnote above), scholars began to change from translating it as 'among’ to translating it as ‘to.’ Therefore, it would indicate that Junia was someone that the apostles knew well, rather than that she was well known as being an apostle. While it is not impossible to translate it as ‘to’ it would be more unusual to use that here. The more common preposition to use would be eis or possibly even pros. The fact that people did not translate it as ‘to’ until that change was needed to preserve an all-male apostleship makes the change highly suspect, and the most straightforward translation remains ‘among.’

^h Traditionally, ‘apostles.’ It literally means ‘one who is sent’ typically as a representative for someone else.

ⁱ Or ‘compatriot’ or ‘relative.’ The word means someone with a shared lineage or heritage, someone from the same people group.

^j Or ‘by’

^k It is presumed by scholars that he is using this statement figuratively, as if to say ‘she is like a mother to me.’

^l Or ‘Adversary’ or ‘Opponent’ or ‘Prosecuting Attorney.’ Traditionally, ‘Satan’ which is not a translation but simply taking the Greek letters and converting them to English letters. This translator chose ‘Adversarial One’ in this instance to emphasize the contrast with ‘God of peace,’ which is not about peace in the sense of tranquility or quiet serenity but rather about peace in the sense of harmony and unity between people.

^m There is no verse 24. Verses 25-27 contain a doxology that appears in nearly all, but not universally all, manuscripts; however, it appears in different places in different manuscripts, sometimes here and sometimes in chapter 14 or 15. Various theories exist about the history of how those discrepancies developed.

ⁿ Or ‘illuminated’ or ‘made clearly visible’ or ‘shown.’ The word conveys the image of something having light shined on it so that it can be seen.

^o Or ‘scriptures’